this is a pointless thread

[Griff]

essentially, I just need a place to put all of my AP World notes in case something happens to my notebook, so I'm gonna put them here. Look if you want, all you'll see it random history facts.

Table of Contents: (will be updated as needed)
Stone Age: 2/3

Byzantine: 22

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The Stone Age: 2.5mil - 4000 BCE (Paleolithic and Neolithic Man)
Started using tech (rocks) to manipulate environment
Hominids - 3-4mil years ago, similar to humans, prehumans, lifespan 20 years. Used stones, as well as weapons/bludgeons.

200k BCE - around 50k homosapiens in East Africa
100k years ago some humans left home. First stop the Middle East.
70k BCE, India.
50k BCE, China + Asia.
Some walked to Australia and remained isolated.
40k BCE, Europe (Afro-Eur-Asia region)
15k years ago humans walked to the Americas across the Bering Land Bridge (connected Russia to Alaska area)
Ice age ends 14k years ago.

Paleolithic Life - 2.5mil - 12k BCE
Kinship and hunting and gathering
Nomadic
Tech = stone, wood bone
There was Equality - Low imbalance of wealth. Very little gender division of labor
Art - had stories, beliefs and values.
Evidence of Ancestor worship, sacrifices and burials
Belief in Animism, everything had a soul (rocks and rivers too)

Neolithic Revolution
8k BCE, better stone, metals. Able to conquer new ecosystems, a larger population was sustainable
Domesticated plants and animals, didn't have to move
Discovered how reproduction worked, women then made into property.
The Middle East grew wheat and barley. Asia grew Taro. India grew Millet and rice. Americas grew potatoes and corn.

Paleo vs Neo (lithic)
Neo saw Paleo as barbarians, that they were better because of city/village life.
Traded tech and/or killed each other.
The creation of a civilization means the creation of its opposite.

The domestication of plants and animals led to a patriarchal society.
The first domesticated animal was the dog (it really was the fox, but the exam will say it was the dog)

From Nomadic to Cities
Nomad focused on family bonds, Cities focused on the bond with your tribe or village.

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Irrigation and Forest Clearing
Made canals from the rivers, built roads which creating trading and civilization.
Made granaries and pottery to store food.
Made private property which created a social hierarchy.

Specialization of Labor
Created different jobs and social classes. Farmers, Soldiers, Potters.
Brewers were women.

Pottery - stored food, eventually became granaries
Weaving - created blankets, clothing. Had spare time to create art and the like.

First cities: Jericho + Catal Huyuk
Used animals for protection, as well as food, labor, clothing
Not everyone lived in a city or were hunter/gathers. Some people were Pastoralists.

Pastoralist = herding. Nomadic, didn't cultivate plants. Domesticated animals
Had less social stratification than cities, but more than hunter/gatherers.
They domesticated the horse and invented the wheel+chariot.
Agriculturalists (city folk) and Pastoralists traded/learned and/or destroyed/killed.

4k BCE - 10 million humans. End of Stone Age and Start of Bronze Age.

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THE BRONZE AGE

Metallurgy - the science of working w/ metal. Started in the Bronze Age. Copper + Tin made bronze. Bronze led to better tools and weapons. More powerful time period.
Wheel - Metal wheel improves trade, work, war.
The plow - Metal plow improves agriculture. More food and babies. More trade because of it.
More tech = more trade More trade = Need for record keeping

Written word - Used for trade. Called Cuneiform. Previously an Oral tradition.
Religion changed to Polytheism (was Animism)
Polytheism had formalized rules, permanent shrines, and burial grounds.

Dawn of civilization because of an economic system, a social system, a moral belief system, a culture or intellectual tradition, and technology.

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3000-1500BCE
The first human civilizations all formed around large rivers.
River Basin Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, Shang China
Not River Basin: Olmecs, Chavin

Mesopotamia: Between Tigris and Euphrates River. Life-giving but unforgivable. On the fertile crescent.

The first kings in city states. Led by Lugals (strong men). Hereditary rule. Had priests, counsels. Counsels helped make descisions. Each cities had own diety. War between cities was brutal.
Made ziggaruts out of brick clay. Ziggaruts = temples built high to get close to the gods.
Made the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (was a ziggarut)

Mesopotamia had advanced mathmatics + had astronomy. Also had advanced trade, made wool, barley, and copper. Had cuneiform.
Gilgamesh = world's first epic. Message was for lugals not to abuse power. Follows Gil and Enkidu.

Laws - Story - Lagesh
Lugalanda bad ruler, taxed everything. Elite abuse poor. Poor gets mad. They rise up and rebel. They replace Lugalanda with Urukagima. He's first reformer. He writes laws. Lugalzagasi of the city state of Umma makes war with Lagesh. Poor couldn't fight back. Urukagima loses. Lugalzagasi conquered everything, but Urukagima "cursed" him. As soon as Lugalzagasi gets kingdom, it's taken away by Sargon, ruler of semetic city Akkad. Starts Akkadian empire.

Urukagima had sympathetic laws.

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Akkadian Empire
Rule was biggest under Naram Sin (Sargon's grandson)
Cultures fused, a mix of Sumerian culture and semetic
Didn't adapt leaders as regular people, Akkadian had brief god leaders

Collapse of Akkadian Empire - 2154 BCE
Gutian Barbarians destroyed Akkad (capital) raided many cities. Ruled as Barbarians, didn't adapt writing or culture.
*Enviroment changed - Famines over Akkadia, less people, country got weaker and weaker. Climate Change and famine caused barbarian attack*
People don't know anything about Gutians.

Sumer Restored - around 2112 BCE by Utu Hegal
Next succesor: Ur-Nammu. Ur-Nammu Code: oldest known full code of law
Lenient code of law, very little death penalty. Shulgi was highest leader.

Babylonian Empire
Irrigation caused salt to go on land, ruined crop growing enviroment for sumeria. Amorites come from the south, attacked, new empire: Babylonia.
They adapted sumerian culture.

Hammurabi's code of law - severe. Laws based on lack of trust between culture groups. Eye for an eye.
Sumerians made 60 seconds in a minute. Sargon's story like Moses
Many sumerian stories in the Bible.

Minor Empire: The Hittites
Founded by Hattusili
Capital - Hattusa
Warrior Culture (like Klingons)
Made iron (in the bronze age)
Skilled Charioteers
They do great damage to Babylonia, as they went home a general took the throne and killed the leader (Mursili)
Unstable kingdom, many people assassinated
People died from terrible diseases
Hittites died by plague, very weak

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Ancient Egypt
The Nile - gradual and predictable, life-giving. More predictable than others.
5500 BCE first communities around the Nile.
Polytheistic. Hieroglyphics - 5100 BCE - on papyrus.
Narmer (Menes) - the first Egyptian pharaoh. He united lower + upper Egypt.
All pharaohs start rule by building tombs. Egypt-obsessed with death. Human Sacrifice for servants, wives, slaves so that the pharaoh can take them into the afterlife.

Old Kingdom: 2575 to 2134 BCE
Starting in the third dynasty they started building pyramids. First pyramid builder was Djoser. The first pyramid is/in Saqqara. Like a ziggurat, structure wise. Sneferu builds a bigger, better pyramid, a medium pyramid. (The bent pyramid, it fell)
Finally made the Red Pyramid, triangle shaped.
Khufu made the Great Pyramid of Giza. Tallest manmade object for 3000 years.
Slowly got weaker because all resources went to pyramids., Khafra's was the last big pyramid. All pyramids and tombs about death.

Book of the dead- "spell book" on how to get to the afterlife. First step in death was meeting Anubis and weighs heart for sins.
Made 365-day calender.

The End of The Old Kingdom
Pepi 2 - Longest reigning ruler, 94 years. He appointed governors to do work for him, he lost competency. When Pepi died regions had more power than central, didn't have another Pharoah. No unity. (corruption within gov) The Nile less powerful.

The first intermediate period - 100 years - Civil War, no Egypt

The Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1640 BCe - Menuhotep 3 new pharaoh - No more human sacrifice
Middle Kingdom held together by military rule. Troops in every region.
Builds fortresses all around Egypt, around pastoralists.
Expanded trade to Punt

- - - Updated - - -

Enviroment effects empires falling and rising

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pastoral vs agri patterns: civilizations vs barbarians. Gutians wiped out Sumerians. Hyksos to Middle Kingdom.

End of Middle Kingdom
Losing Military edge, as soon as they did the Hyksos pastoralists attacked. Hyksos had chariots and compound bows. Hyksos captured lower Egypt and Nile Delta Valley.

Second Intermediate Period - 1640 BCE
The Hyksos wanted to be Egyptians, they wouldn't let them. Called the shepherd kings. 2 pharoahs, upper and lower. Hyksos imported some gods. Didn't destroy cities.

The New Kingdoms - 1570 - 1070 BCE
Returns to Egyptian Nubian trade. Nubian had gold and ivory. Bought slaves from Nubia.
Trade caused issues, to regulate trade Egypt built forts in Nubia, raiding for slaves.
Egypt conquered Nubia, became an imperial (ran territories that weren't there) state.
"King" Hatshepsut - She took over the monarchy, took over the persona of a man, had a beard.
Women in Egypt could divorce, own property and business, manage finance. Rich could be priestesses.
Thutmosis 3 (Hatshepsut nephew) hated Hat. Started conquering everything, went into Africa and Fertile Crescent.
By the reign of Akhenaten, priests and temples had a lot of lands. Ak. tried to make Egypt monotheistic. The "Heretic" King. Stole Power from religion. Said that only he could worship god, no priests or other gods. He dies too early for it to be effective.

King Tut - his son, restores polytheism. Died very young. Famous because of his small untarnished tomb. Sister had to marry general.

More minor civilizations of Afro-Eurasia
Hebrews of Isreal - Monotheism. Abraham leaves Ur. Enslaved Egypt, leaves to Canaan.
1550-300BCE - Phoenicians - Maritime people, coastal cities. Large trade. Had alphabet.
2000 - 1450 BCE - Minoans of Crete - Indoor plumbing, Naval Empire, patrolled Mediterranean. Matriarchal society. Trade everywhere. Gone. A volcano destroyed them *Enviroment* Conquered by Mycenaeans.
1600 - 1200 BCE Myceneans - precursors to Greeks. Warrior culture. Trojan war, city state war. Replaced by greeks, they took the Trojan story.

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40% = MC 55 questions, 55 minutes
20% = Short Answer 4 questions / 50 minutes
25% = 3 DBQ (15 read, 40 answer)
15% = long essay

Collapse of the Bronze Age - 1177 BCE
People/City are connected. Suddenly a group of different peoples, the SEA PEOPLES, attacked. The sea people first attacked and demolished Myceneans. Then attacked Hittites, demolished them, burned everything. Phoenicians, gone. Babylonia hurt, not destroyed. Attacked Egypt.
Pharaoh Ramses 3 - Naval Battle, Egypt nearly destroyed, barely won.
Entire economy of the world collapsed. Bronze Age is seen as last Golden Age

1. Interactions of humans and environment
2. Development/Interactions of culture
3. State building, expansions, and conflict
4. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
5. Development and transformation of social systems

Assyrian Empire
Mesopotamia - Asshur always fights Babylon. Asshur won, called themselves the Assyrian empire. They made iron weapons. They maintained power through terror. Made monuments to project power. Kept track of defeaten enemies through heads. Lead captives by blinding and restraining with lip rings. Skinned people.
Disbursal - they scattered cultures and destroyed cities. Makes them disappear.

The Jewish height of power - 1000-922 BCE
Live in Jerusalem, built temple of Solomon, bordered Assyria. Israel splits in two, Judah other split. Israel destroyed by Assyria, the Jews scattered elsewhere, Judah destroyed centuries later. Jews managed to stay around, had signs (not eating pork, circumcision) to see other Jews, married them and stayed around. Maintained Jewish culture around the world.

Greeks
Called themselves "Hellens". Adopted Mycenean culture.

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Indus River Valley 2600 - 1900 BCE
Written language - undeciphered. Very little art. Some tools found.
Powerful, but we don't know about them.
Had advanced irrigation. Highly urbanized. Cities lined the Indus River.
All cities uniform. Had large baths, drain pipes. A central granary.
Had centralized gov't. Rulers - no idea
Extensive trade routes - center of trade between AEA and Asia
Domesticated wheat, barley, cotton, cattle, water buffalo.
what happened to them - Invasion by the Aryan Pastoralists - Cultures merged but Indus Buildings destroyed.
Land got dry because river moved, famine and drought

Vedism - polytheistic religion, main concepts were Karma and reincarnation
Rig Veda - eventually Hinduism's sacred text
Caste system - Brahmins (priests - Aryans), Kshatriyas (warriors - Aryans), Vaisyas (traders, artisans, farm owners - Aryans), Sudras (laborers - NonAryans)
Brahmins - goal is to be a Brahman - a part of the world soul / Brahmins-teachers / Religion justified caste system and social stratification
Hinduism/Buddhism - two religions eventually challenge the rule

China
Based around Yellow and Yangzi rivers-planted millet rice around them
Started in the bronze age, dynamic history
Xia - mythical first dynasty 2000 BCE

Shang - 1600BCE?, Warrior Aristocracy along the yellow river, saw pastoralists and learned about horses, subdued north and west china. Learned how to use chariots.
Everyone wanted to trade with China for Jade and Silk and such.
Had Pictorial Writing. Polytheistic religion, patriarchal, venerated ancestors. They called themselves the Middle Kingdom, saw themselves as the middle between heaven and earth.
Very powerful gov't, King taxed so much, pastoral people in China attacked because they were sick of taxes. Called themselves the Zhou/Chou dynasty.